Rehabilitation of Pre-Damaged RC Beam Containing Recycled Plastic Waste Using CFRP
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the utilization of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the purpose of strengthening and rehabilitating reinforced concrete (RC) structures has become widely recognized as a very effective approach to improving structural integrity and increasing lifespan. Ageing structures frequently require maintenance and repair as a result of severe environmental conditions, natural disasters, alterations in applied loads, corrosion of reinforcement, and insufficient maintenance. In this study, two aspects were considered. The first is to study the behavior of preloaded RC beams after rehabilitation using CFRP composite. The second aspect is to find the effects of waste plastic Polypropylene (PP) on the behavior of preloaded RC beams. Thus, three mixes were prepared with two different PP fiber plastic lengths 30 and 50 mm with a constant ratio equal to 1% as recommended by the literature. A total of ten RC beams with dimensions of (100 x 160 x 1600) mm were cast two of them played as control and the other were preloaded to 70% of the ultimate load calculated based on the control sample. Results showed adding waste plastic waste as PP fiber leads to an enhancement in overall concrete properties. Furthermore, retrofitting the pre-damaged RC beams with CFRP composite application resulted in a 70% enhancement in load-carrying capacity when U CFRP anchorage is used at both ends.
References
- , A.C., Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete. 2022.
- , A.C. and J.P. Busel. Specification for carbon and glass fiber-reinforced polymer bar materials for concrete reinforcement. 2008. American Concrete Institute.
- 2R-08, A., Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures. Technical Documents, 2008.
- Achilias, D., et al., Recycling techniques of polyolefins from plastic wastes. Global NEST Journal, 2008. 10(1): p. 114-122.
- Almeshal, I., et al., Use of recycled plastic as fine aggregate in cementitious composites: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 2020. 253: p. 119146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119146.
- Askar, M., K. Abduka, and L. Askar, Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 2020. 23(2): p. 116-130.
- Askar, M.K., A.F. Hassan, and Y.S. Al-Kamaki, Flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using FRP composites: A state of the art. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2022. 17: p. e01189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e0118.
- Askar, M.K., et al. Flexural retrofitting of reinforced concrete bridges; applications. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2024. AIP Publishing.
- ASKAR, M.K., et al., Crack In Concrete Structures Causes and Treatments: A Review. Journal of Duhok University, 2023. 26(2): p. 148-165.
- Askar, M.K., et al., Effects of chopped CFRP fiber on mechanical properties of concrete. Heliyon, 2023. 9(3): p. e13832, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13832.
- Askar, M.K., M.H. Selman, and S.I. Mohammed, Mechanical Properties of Concrete Reinforced with Alternative Fibers. Journal of Duhok University, 2020. 23(1): p. 149-158.
- Askar, M.K., Y.S.S. Al-Kamaki, and A. Hassan, Utilizing Polyethylene Terephthalate PET in Concrete: A Review. Polymers, 2023. 15(15): p. 3320, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153320.
- ASTM-C39-21, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. 2021, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United states.
- ASTM-C469-22, Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression. 2022, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United states.
- ASTM-C496-17, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. 2017, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United states.
- ASTM-C617-15, Standard Practice for Capping Cylinderical Concrete Specimens 2015, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United states.
- Balaguru, P.N. and S.P. Shah, Fiber-reinforced cement composites. 1992.
- Banjara, N.K. and K. Ramanjaneyulu, Experimental and numerical investigations onthe performance evaluation of shear deficient and GFRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams. Construction and Building Materials, 2017. 137: p. 520-534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.089.
- Bonacci, J. and M. Maalej, Behavioral trends of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2001. 5(2): p. 102-113.
- Brihwiler, E. and E. Denarie, Rehabilitation of concrete structures using Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete. Department of Civil Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2008.
- C127, A., Standard test method for relative density (specific gravity) and absorption of coarse aggregate, in ASTM C. 2015.
- C136, A., Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates, in ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2006.
- C150, A., Standard Specification for ordinary cement
- C33-99a, A., Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, (20001).
- Ceci, A.M., J.R. Casas, and M. Ghosn, Statistical analysis of existing models for flexural strengthening of concrete bridge beams using FRP sheets. Construction and Building Materials, 2012. 27(1): p. 490-520,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.014.
- EN, B., Method of testing cement is classified in these ICS categories. 2013.
- EN, B., Methods of testing cement is classified in these ICS categories. 2016.
- Ezeldin, A. and P. Balaguru, Bond behavior of normal and high-strength fiber reinforced concrete. Materials Journal, 1989. 86(5): p. 515-524, https://doi.org/10.14359/2141.
- Ganesh, P. and A.R. Murthy, Repair, retrofitting and rehabilitation techniques for strengthening of reinforced concrete beams-A review. Advances in concrete construction, 2019. 8(2): p. 101-117.
- Gulsan, M.E., et al., Rehabilitation of normal and self-compacted steel fiber reinforced concrete corbels via basalt fiber. Advances in concrete construction, 2018. 6(5): p. 423.
- Imjai, T., et al., Strengthening of damaged low strength concrete beams using PTMS or NSM techniques. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2020. 13: p. e00403.
- IS 383, B., Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. 1970.
- Karzad, A.S., et al., Repair and strengthening of shear-deficient reinforced concrete beams using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer. Composite Structures, 2019. 223: p. 110963, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.110963.
- Kuder, K.G. and S.P. Shah, Processing of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement-based composites. Construction and Building Materials, 2010. 24(2): p. 181-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.06.018.
- Lau, A. and M. Anson, Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete. Cement and concrete research, 2006. 36(9): p. 1698-1707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.024.
- Low, M.-S., Material flow analysis of concrete in the United States. 2005, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33030.
- Miakhil, S.U., W.U. Shakir, and G. Singh, Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete beams using CFRP Sheets: A Review. Strain, 2020. 70: p. 90.
- Murali, G. and N. Pannirselvam, Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using fibre reinforced polymer laminate: a review. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2011. 6(11): p. 41-47.
- No, I.S., Portland Cement, the Iraqi Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control. 1984, Baghdad-Iraq.
- Obaidat, Y.T., et al., Retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams using composite laminates, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.082. Construction and Building Materials, 2011. 25(2): p. 591-597.
- Rahmani, E., et al., On the mechanical properties of concrete containing waste PET particles. Construction and Building Materials, 2013. 47: p. 1302-1308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.041.
- Shukri, A., et al., Behaviour of precracked RC beams strengthened using the side-NSM technique. Construction and Building Materials, 2016. 123: p. 617-626.
- Siddika, A., et al., Performances, challenges and opportunities in strengthening reinforced concrete structures by using FRPsA state-of-the-art review. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2020. 111: p. 104480, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104480.
- Song, P. and S. Hwang, Mechanical properties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2004. 18(9): p. 669-673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.027.
- Varghese, P., Maintenance, Repair & Rehabilitation and Minor Works of Buildings. 2014: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
- Vogel, H.M. and D. Svecova, Evaluation of Elastic Modulus for High-Strength Concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 2012. 109(3), https://doi.org/10.14359/51683821.
- Yin, S., Development of recycled polypropylene plastic fibres to reinforce concrete. 2017: Springer.