A. Hummadi, Parween, بروین, Shadan A. Osman, and شدن. “Smarandache Rings and Smarandache Elements”. AL-Rafidain Journal of Computer Sciences and Mathematics 10, no. 4 (June 25, 2025): 61–69. Accessed August 3, 2025. https://rjps.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/csmj/article/view/19967.