What Abd al-Rahman bin Khaldun (732 AH / 1332 CE - 808 AH / 1406 CE) presented in the introduction to his book (The Literary and Divan of the Beginner and the News in the Days of the Arabs, Persians, Berbers and their Contemporaries of the Most Powerful) is the culmination of what Islamic social and political thought has reached. In this book, Ibn Khaldun dealt with presentation and analysis of some of the most important problems that occupied Islamic thought throughout the past ages, and it is still preoccupying it until the present time. Among the most important of these problems is the problem of governance and the related ownership and caliphate, and the ideological, intellectual and political differences that have arisen around it that have profound effects on the course of Islamic society and its civilization.