The contributions of Muslims to medieval Europe were manifold, influencing different fields such as art, architecture, medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, music, language, and technology. From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, Europe absorbed knowledge from the Islamic civilization, by transferring the classics and in particular the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, after translating them from Arabic. The points of contact between Europe and the Islamic kingdoms were numerous. Therefore, aspects of Islamic science were transmitted to Europe via Sicily and Andalusia, and especially in Toledo (through the translations of Gerardo of Cremona after the Spanish annexed the city in 1085 CE). In Sicily, after the Muslims annexed the island in 965 AD, then the Normans regained it in 1091 AD, a Norman Arab culture was born, which was sponsored by rulers such as Roger II of Sicily, who had Muslim soldiers, poets and scholars in his court. The book Nuzha al-Mushtaq fi Penethat al-horizons written by Idrissi Marrakchi for King Roger is one of the greatest geographic manuscripts of the Middle Ages.