The English Civil Wars transformed the Puritans into a new institution, the dominant thread in the Purified and Radically Reformed National Church. They appreciatively greeted the breakdown of the personal rule of the King in 1640, and enthusiastically anticipated the long-awaited reform of the Church, pastoral service, and the people. The years of revolution in England produced a huge amount of pamphlets and gave rise to an extraordinary controversy on thoughts and issues that became as serious and urgent as the controversy over toleration. Preaching before Parliament, the Puritan ministers encouraged the members to carry on God's work. While Parliament and the Westminster Assembly were drawing a religious settlement for the kingdom, there were forces moving outside their halls who would not only prevent the emergence of a Presbyterian scheme, but would radically change the trajectory of English religious policy and lead to Charles' execution in 1649. The New Model Army, established by Parliament in 1649, would achieve 1645, remarkable victories and soon have a political life of its own. Emerging as an independent, armed, religiously extremist power base, the army would present a serious challenge to Parliament's management of the war and control of the ensuing settlement. So ecclesiastical discipline was directly related to church government and toleration: while the Congregational Puritans (moderate Independents) would seek to locate discipline and caution within local congregations; On the other hand, Radical Separatists will see all members of Westminster Assembly as involved in a process that prefigures opposition to toleration, or hedges in giving a toleration so restricted as to be meaningless to their perception