Characteristics and Scholars of Arab-Islamic Geographical Thought in the Third Hijri Ninth Century AD

Abstract
Arab-Islamic geography entered a new phase characterized by originality and prosperity after it moved away from being influenced by Greek geographical ideas since the third century AH / ninth century AD. Its specialties, especially with regard to the lands of Islam, as Arab and Muslim geographers during the third century AH provided clear services in their files that had the greatest credit for the development of geography, as they relied in their studies on personal observation, question and investigation, as most of them were scientific travelers who traveled the country To collect scientific material for the purpose of writing and writing and to record the results of their experiments, experiences and observations in their intellectual or philosophy books.