Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations of Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a significant adverse effect of numerous medications, manifesting across various clinical settings. It can range from mild, reversible renal impairment to severe, enduring renal dysfunction. Common clinical signs include proteinuria, electrolyte imbalances, and notably, decreased glomerular filtration rate.Objective: This review aims to elucidate the etiological factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of nephrotoxicity induced by pharmaceutical agents.Methods: Extensive literature from databases such as the Iraqi Virtual Scientific Library, Google Scholars, and PubMed forms the foundation of this review.Results: The findings indicate that continuous medication usage can initiate various forms of renal diseases through diverse mechanisms, demonstrating the complexity and severity of drug-induced nephrotoxicity.Conclusion: Comprehensive understanding and prevention of renal damage caused by medications are imperative. Key preventive measures include maintaining adequate hydration, replenishing electrolytes, and avoiding polypharmacy where possible. This review underscores the need for ongoing research into the precise mechanisms of nephrotoxicity to develop targeted strategies for prevention and management.