التحول الى الشمولية في صنع القرار الصيني: الدوافع والمآلات

القسم: Articles
إصدار
مجلد 2 عدد 3 (2026)
منشور
Jun 1, 2026
##editor.issues.pages##
155-173

الملخص

بعد وفاة الزعيم (ماو تسي تونغ)، سعى خلفه (دينغ شياو بينغ) وزملاؤه الى منع التركيز المفرط للسلطة، من خلال وضع شروط ثابتة ومحددة للمناصب، وسن تقاعد الزامي، وتفويض السلطة من الحزب الشيوعي الصيني الى الوكالات الحكومية، وعقد اجتماعات منتظمة لمؤسسات الحزب، وصممت كل تلك الاجراءات لإضفاء اللامركزية على السلطة، وتنظيم الحياة السياسية، ورسم الطابع المؤسسي عليها، وممارسة الخلافة السلمية المنتظمة للقيادة التي اتبعها خلفهم (جيانغ زيمين) و (هو جينتاو)، اذ كانت الخلافة المنتظمة للقيادة قبل الوفاة انجازاً نادراً في النظام الشيوعي الصيني، واهم مصدر لـ "المرونة الاستبدادية". خلال العقد الماضي، بذل (تشي جين بين) جهوداً واسعة النطاق، لإعادة هيكلة وتركيز عمليات صنع القرار داخل الدولة الحزبية الصينية بشكل منهجي في جميع مجالات السياسة، وتعزيز قدرة الحزب الشيوعي الصيني للسيطرة على صنع السياسات وتوسيع سلطته لدفع أجندة السياسة الصينية، اذ يعمل الرئيس الصيني (تشي جين بين) الى اعادة الصين الى مرحلة القيادة الشخصية بعد عقود من القيادة الجماعية المؤسسية؛ يهدف هذا النهج الهرمي الى توحيد الحكومة والأمة تحت قيادة الحزب، وتحقيق تطلعات الرئيس (تشي) لتعزيز قوة الصين، مع تجنب ما يعتبره أوجه قصور في قيادة أسلافه، ومع ذلك؛ فإن مركزية (تشي) لسلطة اتخاذ القرار، قد تقلل من القدرة على التكيف مع الحكومات المحلية ذات المستوى الأدنى، وتشجع اعتماد الحزب الشيوعي الصيني على مناهج سياسية معينة لمواجهة التحديات الهيكلية للصين، واذا استمرت هذه التوجهات، فقد تضع الصين نفسها امام مجموعة تحديات مركبة تجبر الولايات المتحدة الامريكية على اتخاذ قرارات سياسية واقتصادية يصعب التنبؤ بها، وسياسة خارجية أكثر حزما، وموقف عسكري أكثر عدوانية.

المراجع

  1. At least 28 countries that have recently sought or secured debt relief from their official creditors in China. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sais-5cari.org/debt-relief
  2. BEIJING’S INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHALLENGES. (2019, Nov). Retrieved from https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Chapter%202%20-%20Beijing%27s%20Internal%20and%20External%20Challenges.pdf
  3. Blanchette, J. (2019, February 7). U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on What Keeps Xi Up at Night: Beijing’s Internal and External Challenges. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Chapter%202%20-%20Beijing%27s%20Internal%20and%20External%20Challenges.pdf
  4. Borst, N. (2018, September). China’s Tech Rush: How the Country’s Strategic Technology Campaign Is Shaping Markets. Seafarer. Retrieved from https://www.seafarerfunds.com/documents/chinas-tech-rush.pdf
  5. Brown, K. (2018, Feb 15). The Anti-Corruption Struggle in Xi Jinping’s China: An Alternative Political Narrative. 49(1). Asian affairs. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/03068374.2018.1416008
  6. CCP DECISION-MAKING AND XI JINPING’S CENTRALIZATION OF AUTHORITY. (2022, Nov). Retrieved from https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2022-11/Chapter_1--CCP_Decision-Making_and_Xi_Jinpings_Centralization_of_Authority.pdf
  7. CSIS. (2023). The Political Bureau of the 20th Chinese Communist Party Central Committee. Retrieved from https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-04/230427_China_20th_Politburo_0.pdf?VersionId=UYXUAmQWhcgrzO67Hil2A4tXlOr8yNMs
  8. Curtis, J. (2024, November 11). The BRICS group: Overview and recent expansion, Commons Library Research Briefing. Retrieved from https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-10136/CBP-10136.pdf
  9. Defense, U. D. (2018, December 20). Assessment on U.S. Defense Implications of China’s Expanding Global Access. Retrieved from https://www.andrewerickson.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/DoD-China-Report_2018_Defense-Implications-of-China%E2%80%99s-Expanding-Global-Access.pdf
  10. Endowment, C. (2025, March 31). BRICS Expansion, the G20, and the Future of World Order: Perspectives from Member States. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/03/brics-expansion-and-the-future-of-world-order-perspectives-from-member-states-partners-and-aspirants?lang=en
  11. Gopalan, N. (2018, November 12). Banks Will Pay for China’s Private Obsession. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-11-12/china-s-banks-will-pay-price-of-private-lending-edict
  12. Institute, M. E. (2023, August 28). Monday Briefing: Will new members alter the strategic direction of BRICS? Retrieved from https://www.mei.edu/blog/monday-briefing-will-new-members-alter-strategic-direction-brics
  13. Jia, G. W. (2018, September 12). Gabriel Wildau and Yizhen Jia, China Steps Up Social Security Collection as It Cuts Corporate Taxes. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/bf3700dc-b582-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe
  14. Jiefei, C. S. (2019, April 10). Rich Provinces Cough Up Pension Funds to Help Struggling Peers. Caixin. Retrieved from https://www.caixinglobal.com/2019-04-10/rich-provinces-cough-up-pension-funds-to-help-struggling-peers-101402657.html
  15. KANDHARI, J. (2023). BIG PICTURE: China’s Past, Present and Future. MACRO INSIGHT, MORGAN STANLEY - EMERGING MARKE TS. Retrieved from https://www.morganstanley.com/im/publication/insights/articles/article_thebigpicturechinapastpresentfuture_us.pdf
  16. Kania, E. (2019, August 1). In the “New Era,” the PLA is Xi’s Army, Center for Advanced China Research. Retrieved from https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2019/08/01/In-the-New-Era-the-PLA-is-Xis-Army
  17. Kaska, K. (2019). Henrik Beckvard and Tomáš Minárik, Huawei, 5G and China as a Security Threat. NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE). Retrieved from https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2019/03/CCDCOE-Huawei-2019-03-28-FINAL.pdf
  18. Lardy, N. (2019, January 28). The State Strikes Back: The End of Economic Reform in China? Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved from https://www.piie.com/bookstore/2018/state-strikes-back-end-economic-reform-china
  19. Liu, X. (2021). Chinese Multinational Enterprises Operating in Western Economies: Huawei in the US and the UK. 30(129). Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 30, Issue 129, 2021, pp. 368-385. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2020.1827351
  20. Mackel, P. (2025). Joey Chew and Jingyang Chen, RMB – internationalization is not over. Central Banking. Retrieved from https://www.centralbanking.com/hsbc-reserve-management-trends-2024/7960672/rmb-internationalisation-is-not-over
  21. Malik, A. P. (2021). Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects. Williamsburg. William & Mary. Retrieved from https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/Banking_on_the_Belt_and_Road__Insights_from_a_new_global_dataset_of_13427_Chinese_development_projects.pdf
  22. McCain, J. S. (n.d.). National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5515/text
  23. McGregor, R. (2019, August 14). Party Man: Xi Jinping’s Quest to Dominate China. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/party-man-xi-jinping-s-quest-dominate-china
  24. Office, C. S. (2019, July 24). China’s National Defense in the New Era. Retrieved from https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html
  25. Ogunnowo, E. O. (2025, April). The Future of Electric Vehicles: Technological Innovations and Market Trends. 10(4). Engineering and Technology Journal. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390661749_The_Future_of_Electric_Vehicles_Technological_Innovations_and_Market_Trends
  26. others, E. E. (2018, July 24). The Rise of Xi Jinping and China as a Global Power. Nixon Foundation, China Foreign Policy Reports. Retrieved from https://blog.nixonfoundation.org/2018/07/synopsis-rise-xi-jinping-china-global-power/
  27. Parliament, E. (2018, July 12). European Parliament, EU Framework for FDI Screening. Briefing: EU Leg islation in Progress . Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS-Briefing-614667-EU-framework-FDI-screening-FINAL.pdf
  28. Polk, A. (2019, September 4). U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on U.S.-China Relations in 2019. Retrieved from https://www.uscc.gov/hearings/us-china-relations-2019-year-review
  29. President Xi Jinping delivered this speech at The Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in 2017. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://1www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/14/c_136282982.htm.
  30. Relations, C. o. (2023, August 31). The BRICS Summit 2023: Seeking an Alternate World Order? Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/global-memos/brics-summit-2023-seeking-alternate-world-order
  31. Samant, A. (2024, June). How is the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) evolving in competition to SWIFT and USD-backed trading platforms? ODI Briefing Note. Retrieved from https://media.odi.org/documents/Financial_Architecture_Brief_Final.pdf
  32. Shirk, S. L. (2018, April). China in Xi’s “New Era”: The Return to Personalistic Rule. 29(2). Journal of Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/china-in-xis-new-era-the-return-to-personalistic-rule/
  33. Toronto, U. o. (2014, July 15). BRICS Information Centre, Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement. Brazil: Fortaleza. Retrieved from http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/140715-bank.html
  34. USIP. (2024, October 17). What’s Driving a Bigger BRICS and What Does it Mean for the U.S.? Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/10/whats-driving-bigger-brics-and-what-does-it-mean-us
  35. Wuthnow, P. C. (2019, February 22). Large and in Charge,” in Phillip Saunders et al., eds., Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms. National Defense University. Retrieved from https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Do
  36. Yixiao Zhou, E. (2024). China’s economic growth in a global context: challenges and opportunities and future research. 17(1). Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies. Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jcefts-02-2024-080/full/pdf?title=editorial-chinas-economic-growth-in-a-global-context-challenges-and-opportunities-and-future-research
  37. Zheng, Y. (2022, October 18). The third way of inclusive growth in China. 1. Asian Review of Political Econom. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44216-022-00007-5

##default.groups.name.author##

محمد كاظم

المعرفات

https://doi.org/10.33899/rjps.v2i3.61629
تنزيل هذا الملف
التحول الى الشمولية في صنع القرار الصيني: الدوافع والمآلات

الإحصائيات

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC