آلـيَّـات الـدّفاع الـمـؤسَّـسـيّ في مواجهة الـشّـعْـبـويّة: دراسـةٌ في الـنُّـظم الـدّيـمـقـراطـيّة

Modern democratic systems face a fundamental internal challenge stemming from populist rhetoric that divides the political entity into two opposing camps. This study examines how institutions defend themselves against these pressures, focusing on the relationship between the strength of fundamental laws, the stability of political norms, and the impartiality of the judicial system. The analysis goes beyond simply describing the manifestations of these challenges; it delves into the legal framework and the effectiveness of its implementation to ensure a balance between the will of the majority and oversight. The work suggests that the defensive capabilities of institutions are enhanced by a robust constitutional framework that guarantees the genuine independence of the judiciary, the bureaucracy, and oversight bodies. Stability requires clearly defined boundaries for preventive, containment, and corrective measures. Resistance rests on two pillars: binding checks and balances to limit administrative power and guiding values that reinforce the concept of the state as an impersonal entity and strengthen the role of civil society actors. This combination empowers pluralism to endure.